A chronology of civilization up to the first millennium of our age
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Abstract
About ten or eleven thousand years ago Jericho was born, perhaps only a sanctuary on the banks of an oasis (few la; ro al N.O. del Mar Muerto), which deserves the name of city for being the first walled enclosure; subsisted for millennia, until the biblical era and early times of Christianity. Its area was initially about 5 ha. and its population of about 2,000 inhabitants, surrounded by a famous wall, 10 meters thick and 8.5 m. high.
Catal-Hayk (in Anatolia) was another of the major Neolithic cities, located in Turkey and founded from 9 thousand to 8 thousand years ago (6700 a.C. or 5650 a.C.), on a plain where agriculture and livestock developed: it must have been part of a major civilization, composed of several cities. Its typical rectangular houses, of bricks and mud, superimposed, with entrance by the ceiling, were constituted by a kitchen with its oven, and platforms for sleeping and working. It had shrines with beautiful wall ornamentations. Its inhabitants grew cereals, oilseeds and cattle. There are traces of an international trade, with distant communities more than 500 km. (Together with agricultural cultures appear the sailors. The most impressive in Crete, the cradle of the Minoan civilization from 2,000 to 1,400 a.C., the seat of an advanced civilization, of which we know little and which was probably peaceful, for its cities, as survivor Knossos reveals, are exceptional, lacking walls; in 1,450 a.C. were conquered mycenaean by the Greeks and their culture absorbed into the mycenaean culture of the mainland).
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